Roth Conversion
To convert or not to convert that is the question. If it was only that simple. Recently I have had several people come into my office asking the question. It seems that Roth Conversion is the mother lode of marketing lately. If you don’t convert now it may never happen again. There is only one thing worse than a bad decision and that is a bad decision made in haste. There is a lot to consider when making this choice. The advantage of this year is that there is not a limit on the income that has previously limited conversion of Roth IRA’s for some people. First lets examine the difference between a Traditional IRA (which for simplicities sake will include Rollover IRAs and SEP IRAs), Inherited IRAs, and ROTH IRAs. This is important to understand the difference between each of these three types of IRAs.
First the Traditional IRA
This IRA can contain both after tax and pre tax contributions based on the deductibility of the individual in a given tax year. (The deduction phases out as income reaches certain levels). This is important to know and document this because it will establish the basis for the IRA. You don’t want to pay taxes on money you have already paid taxes on, but it you cannot document it you will lose the tax savings on the money taxes have already been paid on. The bottom line is keeping good records regardless of whether you convert or not. Here are the basics of a traditional IRA. The money in the IRA will grow tax deferred until withdrawn. You will have to start taking out a required minimum distribution (RMD) April 1 following the year you turn 70 ½ and if you wait to take it in April you will have to take another distribution by December 31st of that year. This money is taxed as regular income and the more you take out the more you will pay in taxes. The RMD is the government’s way of saying it is time for us to get some of our money. You can’t have too much of a good thing. So the older you get the more you will be required to withdraw. When you die it can be passed to your spouse via a spousal IRA and they have the option of consolidating it with their own IRA. If there is not a spouse and you name a person you can stretch the IRA distributions out over that person’s lifetime. They will then have the distributions added to their taxable income. So basically the IRA is taxed to death of the second person.
The Inherited IRA
This is a special IRA that has been left to a person upon the death of the primary IRA owner. This may be a child or grandchild or a special friend. The new owner of the Inherited IRA has three options. The first is to cash it out and pay the taxes. This may be the most expensive option, but one that is frequently selected. The second is to take it out over a 5 year period. Finally is to stretch it out based on the RMD tables. This is the best option because it allows the money to grow tax deferred and delays the payment of taxes as long as possible. This is assuming that you will have no need for the money in the IRA, either before or after retirement, or you will take the least money possible from the IRA, at the latest allowable time. There can also be some special provisions to mandate that only the RMD can be withdrawn thus making it like a trust with income coming out each year. You need to have the documents in place and be clear as to your intent.
Roth IRA
A Roth IRA is a very different retirement account. First taxes have to be paid on the money before you can deposit them into the account, but after they are in the account they are never taxed again. The Roth IRA offers tax deferral on earnings in the account. Withdrawals from the account may be tax free, as long as they are considered qualified. Limitations and restrictions apply. This tax free growth is a big benefit. The Roth IRA is also exempt from the RMD requirements for the owner or spouse. Note they do apply to non spouse beneficiaries, but distributions are based on the RMD tables. This can be a great source of tax free income for the next generation.
Now that we hopefully understand the difference between the types of IRAs let’s get back to the original question. When does converting make sense? First as a rule you only want to convert if you can pay the taxes on the conversion with after tax funds. That’s right you have to pay the taxes when you convert, well actually you have 3 years to pay them. For this year it is ½ in 2011 and ½ in 2012. The risk is that taxes will go up if you add this to your tax bill in the future. It makes sense if by splitting it you will be in a lower tax bracket for both years. If you pay it in one year large conversions may need to expect to pay at least the maximum tax rate of 35% plus state income taxes. It is best to have a CPA review this decision prior to making any decisions. They know the tax code best. The conversion also makes sense if you plan on leaving the money to your children. Think of this as tax free income for most of their life. What a benefit for your children. Many people are hesitant about converting because it will impact their net worth. The reality is that all your IRA money is not yours. A portion of it is the governments and as your account grows so does their part. Also if at the end you make a bad decision then it is lottery time for the government. They get a bigger slice of your IRA just because you failed to plan properly. Now when does it not make sense? If you cannot pay the taxes with after tax funds let it stand. If you do not have anyone to leave the money to or you want to leave it to a charity, then leave it in your traditional IRA. The charity will generally not have to pay the income taxes. Finally the other reason is you hate paperwork and do not want to be bothered with the headache. Uncle Sam loves this one. One other scenario is possible and that is to partially convert your IRA. As long as your income qualifies you can convert all or part of the traditional IRAs. I would use the same logic regarding partial as complete conversions.
In conclusion to convert or not is a big decision. I would not attempt this without counsel. At a minimum I would have a Certified Financial Planner TM, a Certified Public Accountant, and an Attorney review the situation to make sure it makes sense. Know what you want to do with the money and who ultimately receives it. The taxes you pay will be large, but it will remove the government from that part of your income forever. If the market drops you can move it back by October 1st and do it all again next year maybe.
If you would like to discuss this in person please give my office a call (919) 341-0277
Steve Gaito CFP ®
Limitations and Restrictions apply to IRAs and other retirement plans
Future Tax laws can change at any time and may impact the benefits of Roth IRAs.
Their tax treatment may change.
No strategy guarantees against loss nor ensures a profit.
The opinions voiced in this material are for general information only and are not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. To determine which investment(s) may be appropriate for you, consult your financial advisor prior to investing.